Question

TLS implementations that fail to validate this action are vulnerable to the POODLE attack. This action names a cryptographic “oracle attack” on the CBC block cipher mode of operation, which arises from poorly implementing the PKCS7 form of this action. In RSA encryption, if this action isn’t performed on m, then the resulting scheme is often called “textbook RSA”. RSA is often used alongside an algorithm for this action that adds non-determinism, called (*) OAEP. (-5[2])In an unfortunate incident during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, admiral William Halsey (-5[1])did not realize that the phrase “the world wonders” was an instance of this action. If the width field is (-5[1])specified in a printf format string, then this action will be performed on inputs shorter (10[1])than the width. For 10 points, name this action of adding extra characters like spaces to the beginning or end of a string to make it a desired length. ■END■ (10[4])

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